Description
Between 58 and 50 BC Caesar conquered most of the area now covered by France, Belgium and Switzerland, and twice invaded Britain. This is the record of his campaigns. Caesar's narrative offers insights into his military strategy & paints a fascinating picture of his encounters with the inhabitant of Gaul and Britain, as well as offering lively portraits of a number of key characters such as the rebel leaders and Gallic chieftains. This can also be read as a piece of political propaganda, as Caesar sets down his version of events for the Roman public, knowing that he faces civil war on his return to Rome. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.
About the Author
born 12 July 100 BCdied 15 March 44 BCStatesman and historianJulius Caesar, fully namedGaius Julius Caesar, general, invaded Britain in 55 BC, crushed the army of the politicianGnaeus Pompeius Magnusin 48 BC, pursued other enemies to Egypt, installedCleopatraas queen in 47 BC, and returned to Rome, and the people in 45 BC gave him a mandate to rule as dictator for life;Gaius Cassius LonginusandMarcus Junius Brutusfeared that he intended to establish a monarchy and led a group of republicans, who on 15 March 44 BC murdered him.Marcus Licinius Crassusjoined Caesar and Pompey in the first triumvirate to challenge the power of the senate in 60 BC.Pompey with Caesar and Crassus formed a ruling triumvirate from 60 BC to 53 BC, but Caesar later defeated Pompey.Caesar conquered Iberian peoples of Aquitania in 56 BC.Cassius led members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar.Brutus conspired to assassinate Caesar.After his assassination,Gaius Octavius, his grandnephew, in 44 BC took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, to whom English texts often refer simply as Octavian.He notably authored Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events to the demise and the rise of the empire.In 60 BC, Caesar andMarcus Licinius Crassusformed an alliance that dominated for several years. Marcus PorciusCato the Youngerwith the frequent support ofMarcus Tullius Ciceroamong the Optimates within the senate opposed their attempts to amass power as Populares.Victories of Caesar in the Gallic wars, completed before 51 BC, extended territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar first then built a bridge across the Rhine and crossed the channel.After the death of Crassus in 53 BC, his rival realigned with the senate, but these achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse the standing. With the Gallic wars concluded, the senate ordered Caesar to step from his military.Caesar refused the order and instead crossed the Rubicon with the thirteenth legion, left his province, and illegally entered Italy under arms to mark his defiance in 49 BC. Civil war resulted, and victory put Caesar him in an unrivalled position of power and influence.Julius Caesar assumed control of government and afterward began a program of social reforms, including the creation of the calendar. He centralized the bureaucracy, and proclamation "in perpetuity" eventually gave him additional authority. Nevertheless, people resolved not the underlying conflicts, and on the ides, 15 March 44 BC, rebellious senators assassinated Caesar.We know much from own accounts of military campaigns of Caesar and from other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the writings ofGaius Sallustius Crispus.Gaius Suetonius TranquillusandMestrius Plutarchuswrote the later biographies, also major sources. Many people consider supreme military greatness of Caesar.People regarded Caesar during his time of the best orators and prose authors in Latin; even Cicero spoke highly of his rhetoric and style. Only war commentaries of Caesar survived. From other works, other authors quote a few sentences. He wrote his funeral oration for Julia, his paternal aunt, among his lost works. Cicero published praise; in response, he wroteAnticato, a document, to defame Cato. Ancient sources also mention poems of Julius Caesar.A new series of civil wars broke, and people never restored the constitutional government. Octavian, adopted heir of Gaius Julius Caesar, defeated his opponents in the civil war and afterward rose to sole power asAugustus. Octavian set about solidifying his power, and the era of the empire began.
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